Preventing DoS Attacks on Applications

Application Security Manager™ determines that traffic is a DoS attack based on calculations for transaction rates on the client side (TPS-based) or latency on the server side (stress-based). You can specify the thresholds that you want the system to use.

You can also have the system proactively identify and prevent automated attacks by web robots. In addition, the system can protect web applications against DoS attacks on heavy URLs. Heavy URL protection implies that during a DoS attack, the system protects the heavy URLs that might cause stress on the server.

You can view details about DoS attacks that the system detected and logged in the event logs and DoS reports. You can also configure remote logging support for DoS attacks when creating a logging profile.

Application Security Manager™ (ASM) can proactively defend your applications against automated attacks by web robots, called bots for short. This defense method, called proactive bot defense, can prevent layer 7 DoS attacks, web scraping, and brute force attacks from starting. By preventing bots from accessing the web site, proactive bot defense protects against these attacks as well.

Working together with other DoS protections, proactive bot defense helps identify and mitigate attacks before they cause damage to the site. This feature inspects most traffic, but requires fewer resources than traditional web scraping and brute force protections. You can use proactive bot defense in addition to the web scraping and brute force protections that are available in ASM security policies. Proactive bot defense is enforced through a DoS profile, and does not require a security policy.

When clients access a protected web site for the first time, the system sends a JavaScript challenge to the browser. Therefore, if you plan to use this feature, it is important that clients use browsers that allow JavaScript.

If the client successfully evaluates the challenge and resends the request with a valid cookie, the system allows the client to reach the server. Requests that do not answer the challenge remain unanswered and are not sent to the server. Requests sent to non-HTML URLs without the cookie are dropped and considered to be bots.

You can configure lists of URLs to consider safe so that the system does not need to validate them. This speeds up access time to the web site. If your application accesses many cross-domain resources and you have a list of those domains, you may want to select an option that validates cross-domain requests to those domains.

When setting up DoS protection, you can configure the system to prevent DoS attacks based on transaction rates (TPS-based anomaly detection). If you use TPS-based anomaly protection, the system detects DoS attacks from the client side using the following calculations:

Transaction rate detection interval

A short-term average of recent requests per second (for a specific URL or from an IP address) that is updated every 10 seconds.

Transaction rate history interval

A longer-term average of requests per second (for a specific URL or from an IP address) calculated for the past hour that is updated every 10 seconds.

If the ratio of the transaction rate detection interval to the transaction rate during the history interval is greater than the percentage indicated in the TPS increased by setting, the system considers the web site to be under attack, or the URL, IP address, or geolocation to be suspicious. In addition, if the transaction rate detection interval is greater than the TPS reached setting (regardless of the history interval), then again, the respective URL, IP address, or geolocation is suspicious or the site is being attacked.

Note that TPS-based protection might detect a DoS attack simply because many users are trying to access the server all at once, such as during a busy time or when a new product comes out. In this case, the attack might be a false positive because the users are legitimate. But the advantage of TPS-based DoS protection is that attacks can be detected earlier than when using stress-based protection. So it is important to understand the typical maximum peak loads on your system when setting up DoS protection, and to use the methods that are best for your application.

When setting up DoS protection, you can configure the system to prevent DoS attacks based on the server side (stress-based detection). In stress-based detection, it takes a latency increase and at least one suspicious IP address, URL, heavy URL, site-wide entry, or geolocation for the activity to be considered an attack.

Stress-based DoS protection also includes Behavioral DoS. When enabled, the system examines traffic behavior to automatically detect DoS attacks. Behavioral DoS reviews the offending traffic, and mitigates the attack with minimal user intervention required.

Stress-based protection is less prone to false positives than TPS-based protection because in a DoS attack, the server is reaching capacity and service/response time is slow: this is impacting all users. Increased latency can be used as a trigger step for detecting an L7 attack. Following the detection of a significant latency increase, it is important to determine whether you need further action. After examining the increase in the requests per second and by comparing these numbers with past activity, you can identify suspicious versus normal latency increases.

Behavioral DoS (BADoS) provides automatic protection against DDoS attacks by analyzing traffic behavior using machine learning and data analysis. Working together with other BIG-IP^® DoS protections, Behavioral DoS examines traffic flowing between clients and application servers in data centers, and automatically establishes the baseline traffic/flow profiles for Layer 7 (HTTP) and Layers 3 and 4.

For example, in the case of a DDoS attack from a botnet, each request may be completely legal but many requests all at once can slow down or crash the server. Behavioral DoS can mitigate the attack by slowing down the traffic no more than necessary to keep the server in good health.

Behavioral DoS continuously monitors server health and loading, by means of a customer feedback loop, to ensure the real-time correlations, and validate server conditions, attacks, and mitigations. Any subsequent anomalies are put on watch, and the system applies mitigations (slowdowns or blocks) as needed.

This is how Behavioral DoS works:

• Learns typical behavior of normal traffic
• Detects an attack based on current conditions (server health)
• Finds behavior anomaly (what and who changed to cause congestion?)
• Mitigates by slowing down suspicious clients
• Improves with experience

You enable Behavioral DoS, which requires minimal configuration, in a DoS profile in the Stress-based detection settings. Because the system is tracking the traffic data, it adapts to changing conditions so there are no thresholds to specify. You set the level of mitigation that you want to occur, ranging from no mitigation (learning only) to aggressive protection (proactive DoS protection). The system can quickly detect Layer 7 DoS attacks, characterize the offending traffic, and mitigate the attack.

You can use a DoS profile that has Behavioral DoS enabled to protect one or, at most, two virtual servers.

When setting up either transaction-based or stress-based DoS protection, you can specify mitigation methods that determine how the system recognizes and handles DoS attacks. You can use the following methods:

• JavaScript challenges (also called Client-Side Integrity Defense)
• CAPTCHA challenges
• Request blocking (including Rate Limit or Block All)

You can configure the system to issue a JavaScript challenge to analyze whether the client is using a legal browser (that can respond to the challenge) when the system encounters a suspicious IP address, URL, geolocation, or site-wide criteria. If the client does execute JavaScript in response to the challenge, the system purposely slows down the interaction. The Client Side Integrity Defense mitigations are enacted only when the Operation Mode is set to blocking.

Based on the same suspicious criteria, the system can also issue a CAPTCHA (character recognition) challenge to determine whether the client is human or an illegal script. Depending on how strict you want to enforce DoS protection, you can limit the number of requests that are allowed through to the server or block requests that are deemed suspicious.

You can also use can use request blocking in the DoS profile to specify conditions for when the system blocks requests. Note that the system only blocks requests during a DoS attack when the Operation Mode for TPS-based or stress-based detection is set to Blocking. You can use request blocking to rate limit or block all requests from suspicious IP addresses, suspicious countries, or URLs suspected of being under attack. Site-wide rate limiting also blocks requests to web sites suspected of being under attack. If you block all requests, the system blocks suspicious IP addresses and geolocations except those on the whitelist. If you are using rate limiting, the system blocks some requests depending on the threshold detection criteria set in the DoS profile.

The mitigation methods that you select are used in the order they appear on the screen. The system enforces the methods only as needed if the previous method was not able to stem the attack.

You can mitigate DoS attacks based on geolocation by detecting traffic from countries sending suspicious traffic. This is part of the mitigation methods in the DoS profile for stress-based and TPS-based anomalies, and this method helps protect against unusual activity as follows:

• Geolocation-based Client Side integrity: If traffic from countries matches the thresholds configured in the DoS profile, the system considers those countries suspicious, and sends a JavaScript challenge to each suspicious country.
• Geolocation-based CAPTCHA challenge: If traffic from countries matches the thresholds configured in the DoS profile, the system considers those countries suspicious, and issues a CAPTCHA challenge to each suspicious country.
• Geolocation-based request blocking: The system blocks all, or some, requests from suspicious countries.

In addition, you can add countries to a geolocation whitelist (traffic from these countries is never blocked) and a blacklist (traffic from these countries is always blocked when a DoS attack is detected).

Heavy URLs are URLs that may consume considerable server resources per request. Heavy URLs respond with low latency most of the time, but can easily reach high latency under specific conditions (such as DoS attacks). Heavy URLs are not necessarily heavy all the time, but tend to get heavy especially during attacks. Therefore, low rate requests to those URLs can cause significant DoS attacks and be hard to distinguish from legitimate clients.

Typically, heavy URLs involve complex database queries; for example, retrieving historical stock quotes. In most cases, users request recent quotes with weekly resolution, and those queries quickly yield responses. However, an attack might involve requesting five years of quotes with day-by-day resolution, which requires retrieval of large amounts of data, and consumes considerably more resources.

Application Security Manager™ (ASM) allows you to configure protection from heavy URLs in a DoS profile. You can specify a latency threshold for automatically detecting heavy URLs. If some of the web site's URLs could potentially become heavy URLs, you can manually add them so the system will keep an eye on them, and you can add URLs that should be ignored and not considered heavy.

ASM™ measures the tail latency of each URL and of the whole site for 24 hours to get a good sample of request behavior. A URL is considered heavy if its average tail latency is more than twice that of the site latency for the 24-hour period.

Proactive bot defense in a DoS profile allows you to specify which cross-domain requests are legal. Cross-domain requests are HTTP requests for resources from a different domain than the domain of the resource making the request.

If your application accesses many cross-domain resources and you have a list of those domains, you can validate cross-domain requests to those domains.

For example, your web site uses two domains, site1.com (the main site) and site2.com (where resources are stored). You can configure this in the DoS profile by enabling proactive bot defense, choosing one of the Allowed configured domains options for the Cross-Domain Requests setting, and specifying both of the web sites in the list of related site domains. When the browser makes a request to site1.com, it gets cookies for both site1.com and site2.com independently and simultaneously, and cross domain requests from site1.com to site2.com are allowed.

If only site1.com is configured as a related site domain, when the browser makes a request to site1.com, it gets a cookie for site1.com only. If the browser makes a cross-domain request to get an image from site2.com, it gets a cookie and is allowed only if it already has a valid site1.com cookie.

In order to mitigate highly distributed DoS attacks, such as those instigated using large scale botnets attacking multiple URLs, you can specify when to use site-wide mitigation in a DoS profile. You can configure site-wide mitigation for either TPS-based or stress-based DoS protection. In this case, the whole site can be considered suspicious as opposed to a particular URL or IP address. Site-wide mitigation goes into effect when the system determines that the whole site is experiencing high-volume traffic but is not able to pinpoint and handle the problem.

The system implements site-wide mitigation method only as a last resort because it may cause the system to drop legitimate requests. However, it maintains, at least partially, the availability of the web site, even when it is under attack. When the system applies site-wide mitigation, it is because all other active detection methods were unable to stop the attack.

The whole site is considered suspicious when configured thresholds are crossed, and in parallel, specific IP addresses and URLs could also be found to be suspicious. The mitigation continues until the maximum duration elapses or when the whole site stops being suspicious. That is, there are no suspicious URLs, no suspicious IP addresses, and the whole site is no longer suspicious.

A CAPTCHA (or visual character recognition) challenge displays characters for a client to identify before they can access a web site or application. Whether the client can correctly identify the characters determines whether the client is human or is likely an illegal script. You can configure a CAPTCHA challenge as part of the mitigation policy for TPS-based DoS detection, stress-based DoS detection, or as part of proactive bot defense. If you have configured it, the system a CAPTCHA challenge to suspicious traffic.

The system provides a standard CAPTCHA response that clients will see. You can customize the response if you want.

HTTP caching enables the BIG-IP^® system to store frequently requested web objects (or static content) in memory to save bandwidth and reduce traffic load on web servers. The Web Acceleration profile has the settings to configure caching.

If you are using HTTP caching along with DoS protection, you need to understand how DoS protection for cached content works. In this case, URLs serving cached content are considered a DoS attack if they exceed the relative TPS increased by percentage (and not the explicit TPS reached number). Requests to static or cacheable URLs are always mitigated by rate limiting. This is true even during periods of mitigation using client-side integrity or CAPTCHA, and when those mitigations are not only URL-based.